目錄硅的化學(xué)性質(zhì) 二氧化硅和硅的用途高中 硅的三大主要用途 晶體硅的物理性質(zhì) 硅及其化合物教學(xué)設(shè)計
鍘熷瓙灞炴??
鍘熷瓙閲忥細(xì)鍏勯晣28.0855u
鍘熷瓙鍗婂緞:錛堣?＄畻鍊?)110錛?111)pm
鍏變環(huán)鍗婂緞:111pm
鑼冨痙鍗庡崐寰勶細(xì)210pm
浠風(fēng)數(shù)瀛愭帓甯冿細(xì)
3s23p2
鐢?shù)瀛愬湪姣忚兘珩旂殑鎺掑竷锛?xì)2錛?8錛?4
姘у寲浠鳳紙姘у寲鐗╋級錛?4錛堜袱鎬х殑錛?
鏅朵綋緇撴瀯閿嬪皹鏋?錛氶潰蹇冪珛鏂?
鐗╃悊閾舵礊灞炴??
鐗╄川鐘舵?侊細(xì)鍥烘??
鐔旂偣錛?1687
K錛?1414
擄C錛?
娌哥偣錛?3173
K錛?2900
擄C錛?
鎽╁皵浣撶Н錛?12.06脳10-6m3/mol
姹藉寲鐑?錛?384.22
kJ/mol
鐔斿寲鐑?錛?
50.55
kJ/mol
钂告皵鍘婰4.77
甯曪紙1683K錛?
澹伴??:鏃犳暟鎹?
鏅朵綋紜呬負(fù)鐏伴粦鑹詫紝鏃犲畾褰㈢?呬負(fù)榛戣壊錛屽瘑搴?2.32-2.34鍏嬶紡绔嬫柟鍘樼背錛岀啍鐐?1410鈩冿紝娌哥偣2355鈩冿紝鏅朵綋紜呭睘浜庡師瀛愭櫠浣擄紝紜?鑰屾湁閲戝睘鍏夋辰錛岀?版?佹紡鏈夊崐瀵間綋鎬ц川銆傜?呯殑鍖栧?︽?ц川姣旇緝媧繪臣錛屽湪楂樻俯涓嬭兘闂?緇濅笌姘ф皵絳夊?氱?嶅厓绱犲寲鍚堬紝涓嶆憾浜庢按銆佺?濋吀鍜岀洂閰革紝婧朵簬姘㈡盁閰稿拰紕辨恫錛岀敤浜庡埗閫犲悎閲戝?傜?呴搧銆佺?呴挗絎戠儌絳夛紝鍗曟櫠紜呮槸涓?縐嶉噸瑕佺殑鍗婂?間綋鏉愭枡錛岀敤浜庡埗閫犲ぇ鍔熺巼鏅朵綋綆°?佹暣嫻佸櫒銆佸お闃寵兘鐢墊睜絳夈?傜?呭湪鑷?鐒剁晫鍒嗗竷鏋佸箍錛屽湴澹充腑綰﹀惈27.6錛咃紝鍚?閲忎粎嬈′簬姘э紝灞呯??浜屼綅銆?
宸ヤ笟閲庢槑鍒剁?呭寲瀛︽柟紼嬪紡錛?
2C+SiO2==楂樻俯錛濓紳2CO+Si錛堝緱鍒扮矖紜咃級
Si+2Cl2==SiCl4
2H2+SiCl4==楂樻俯錛濓紳Si+4HCl錛堝緱鍒扮簿紜咃級
紜呯殑鐗╃悊鎬ц川錛?
1銆佹湁鏃犲畾褰㈢?呭拰鏅朵綋紜呬袱縐嶅悓绱犳厧閰嶅紓褰?浣撱??
2銆佹櫠浣撶?呬負(fù)鐏伴粦鑹詫紝鏃犲畾褰㈠?借剨鎸囩?呬負(fù)榛戣壊錛屽瘑搴?2.32-2.34g/cm3錛岀啍鐐?1410鈩冿紝娌哥偣2355鈩冿紝鏅朵綋紜呭睘浜庡師瀛愭櫠浣撱??
3銆佷笉婧朵簬姘淬?佺?濋吀鍜岀洂閰革紝婧朵簬姘㈡盁閰稿拰紕辨恫銆?
4銆佺‖鑰屾湁閲戝睘鍏夋辰銆?
銆?銆?紜咃紝鍘熷瓙搴忔暟14錛屽師瀛愰噺28.0855錛? 紜呮湁鏅舵?佸拰鏃犲畾褰?涓ょ?嶅艦寮忋?備綘鐭ラ亾紜呯殑鐗╃悊鍖栧?︽?ц川閮芥槸浠?涔堝悧?涓嬮潰鏄?鎴戜負(fù)浣犳暣鐞嗙殑紜呯墿鐞嗗強(qiáng)鍖栧?︽?ц川錛屼竴璧鋒潵鐪嬬湅鍚с??
銆?銆?紜呯殑鐗╃悊鎬ц川
銆?銆?鎬х姸錛氬叿鏈夋槑鏄劇殑閲戝睘鍏夋辰錛屽憟鐏拌壊銆傜粨鏅跺瀷鐨勭?呮槸鏆楅粦钃濊壊鐨勶紝寰堣剢錛屾槸鍏稿瀷鐨勫崐瀵間綋銆傚叿鏈夐噾鍒氱煶鐨勬櫠浣撶粨鏋勶紝
銆?銆?姹藉寲鐑? 384.22 kJ/mol
銆?銆?鐔斿寲鐑? 50.55 kJ/mol
銆?銆?钂告皵鍘? 4.77 甯?(1683K)
銆?銆?鐢?shù)璐熸€? 1.90(椴嶆灄鏍囧害)
銆?銆?姣旂儹 700 J/(kg·K)
銆?銆?鐢?shù)?肩巼 2.52×10-4 /(綾蟲?у??)
銆?銆?鐑?瀵肩巼 148 W/(m·K)
銆?銆?鐢電?昏兘錛?8.151鐢?shù)瀛愪紡鐗硅姽鑳?銆?
銆?銆?絎?涓?鐢電?昏兘 786.5 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?浜岀數(shù)紱昏兘 1577.1 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?涓夌數(shù)紱昏兘 3231.6 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?鍥涚數(shù)紱昏兘 4355.5 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?浜旂數(shù)紱昏兘 16091 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?鍏?鐢電?昏兘 19805 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?涓冪數(shù)紱昏兘 23780 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?鍏?鐢電?昏兘 29287 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?涔?jié)鐢?shù)紱昏兘 33878 kJ/mol
銆?銆?絎?鍗佺數(shù)紱昏兘 38726 kJ/mol
銆?銆?紜呯殑鍖栧?︽?ц川
銆?銆?紜呮湁鏄庢樉鐨勯潪閲戝睘鐗規(guī)?э紝鍙?浠ユ憾浜庣⒈閲戝睘姘㈡哀鍖栫墿婧舵恫涓?錛屼駭鐢?(鍋?)紜呴吀鐩愬拰姘㈡皵銆?
銆?銆?紜呭師瀛愪綅浜庡厓绱犲懆鏈熻〃絎琁V涓繪棌錛屽畠鐨勫師瀛愬簭鏁頒負(fù)Z=14錛屾牳澶栨湁14涓?鐢?shù)瀛愩€傜數(shù)瀛愬湪鍘熷瓙鏍稿?栵紝鎸夎兘綰х敱浣庣?呭師瀛愬埌楂橈紝鐢遍噷鍒板?栵紝灞傚眰鐜?緇曪紝榪欑О涓虹數(shù)瀛愮殑澹沖眰緇撴瀯銆傜?呭師瀛愮殑鏍稿?栫數(shù)瀛愮??涓?灞傛湁2涓?鐢?shù)瀛愬Q岀??浜屽眰鏈?8涓?鐢?shù)瀛愬Q岃揪鍒扮ǔ瀹氭?併?傛渶澶栧眰鏈?4涓?鐢?shù)瀛愬嵆湄?fù)浠風(fēng)數(shù)瀛愶紝瀹冨?圭?呭師瀛愮殑瀵肩數(shù)鎬х瓑鏂歸潰璧風(fēng)潃涓誨?間綔鐢ㄣ??
銆?銆?姝ｅ洜涓虹?呭師瀛愭湁濡傛?ょ粨鏋勶紝鎵?浠ユ湁鍏跺仛鎵頒竴浜涚壒孌婄殑鎬ц川錛氭渶澶栧眰鐨?4涓?浠風(fēng)數(shù)瀛愯?╃?呭師瀛愬?勪簬浜氱ǔ瀹氱粨鏋勶紝榪欎簺浠風(fēng)數(shù)瀛愪嬌紜呭師瀛愮浉浜掍箣闂翠互鍏變環(huán)閿?緇撳珜琚滃悎錛岀敱浜庡叡浠烽敭姣旇緝緇撳疄錛岀?呭叿鏈夎緝楂樼殑鐔旂偣鍜屽瘑搴?;鍖栧?︽?ц川姣旇緝紼沖畾錛屽父娓╀笅寰堥毦涓庡叾浠栫墿璐?(闄ゆ盁鍖栨阿鍜岀⒈娑蹭互澶?)鍙戠敓鍙嶅簲;紜呮櫠浣撲腑娌℃湁鏄庢樉鐨勮嚜鐢辯數(shù)瀛愶紝鑳藉?肩數(shù)錛屼絾瀵肩數(shù)鐜囦笉鍙?qiáng)閲戝睘锛屼笖闅忔俯搴﹀崌楂樿€屽?炲姞錛屽叿鏈夊崐瀵間綋鎬ц川銆?
銆?銆?鍔犵儹涓嬭兘鍚屽崟璐ㄧ殑鍗ょ礌銆佹愛銆佺⒊絳夐潪閲戝睘浣滅敤錛屼篃鑳藉悓鏌愪簺閲戝睘濡侻g銆丆a銆丗e銆丳t絳変綔鐢ㄣ?傜敓鎴愮?呭寲鐗┿?備笉婧朵簬涓?鑸?鏃犳満閰鎬腑錛屽彲婧朵簬紕辨憾娑蹭腑錛屽茍鏈夋阿姘旀斁鍑猴紝褰㈡垚鐩稿簲鐨勭⒈閲戝睘紜呴吀鐩愭憾娑詫紝浜庤丹鐑?娓╁害涓嬶紝涓庢按钂告皵鑳藉彂鐢熶綔鐢ㄣ??
銆?銆?紜呯殑鍒跺彇鏂規(guī)硶
銆?銆?瀹為獙瀹ら噷鍙?鐢ㄩ晛綺夊湪璧ょ儹涓嬭繕鍘熺矇鐘朵簩姘у寲紜咃紝鐢ㄧ█閰告礂鍘葷敓鎴愮殑姘у寲闀佸拰闀佺矇錛屽啀鐢ㄦ阿姘熼吀媧楀幓鏈?浣滅敤鐨勪簩姘у寲紜咃紝鍗沖緱鍗曡川紜呫?傝繖縐嶆柟娉曞埗寰楃殑閮芥槸涓嶅?熺函鍑?鐨勬棤瀹氬艦紜咃紝涓烘?曢粦鑹茬矇鏈?銆傚伐涓氫笂鐢熶駭紜呮槸鍦ㄧ數(shù)寮х倝涓?榪樺師紜呯煶(SiO2鍚?閲忓ぇ浜?99%)銆備嬌鐢ㄧ殑榪樺師鍓備負(fù)鐭蟲補(bǔ)鐒﹀拰鏈ㄧ偔絳夈?備嬌鐢ㄧ洿嫻佺數(shù)寮х倝鏃訛紝鑳藉叏閮ㄧ敤鐭蟲補(bǔ)鐒︿唬鏇挎湪鐐?銆傜煶娌圭劍鐨勭伆鍒嗕綆(0.3%锝?0.8%)錛岄噰鐢ㄨ川閲忛珮鐨勭?呯煶(SiO2澶т簬99%)錛屽彲鐩存帴鐐煎嚭鍒墮?犵?呴挗鐗囩敤鐨勯珮璐ㄩ噺紜呫?傞珮綰?鐨勫崐瀵間綋紜呭彲鍦?1錛?200鈩冪殑鐑?紜呮?掍笂鐢ㄦ阿姘旇繕鍘熼珮綰?鐨勪笁姘?姘㈢?匰iHCl3鎴朣iCl4鍒跺緱銆傝秴綰?鐨勫崟鏅剁?呭彲閫氳繃鐩存媺娉曟垨鍖哄煙鐔旂偧娉曠瓑鍒跺?囥??
銆?銆?1路紜呯殑鐗╃悊鎬ц川錛氱?呮湁鏃犲畾褰㈢?呭拰鏅朵綋紜呬袱縐嶅悓绱犲紓褰?浣擄紝鏅朵綋紜呬負(fù)鐏伴粦鑹蹭婦闆?錛屾棤瀹氬艦紜呬負(fù)榛戣壊錛屽瘑搴?2銆?32鑷?2銆?34鍏嬫瘡绔嬫柟鍘樼背錛岀啍鐐?141鎽勬皬搴︼紝娌哥偣235鎽勬皬搴︼紝鏅朵綋紜呭睘浜庡師鎱ч?栧瓙鏅朵綋錛屼笉婧朵簬姘淬?佺?濋吀鍜岀洂閰革紝婧朵簬姘㈡盁閰稿拰紕辨恫錛岀‖鑰屾湁閲戝睘鍏夋辰錛?
銆?銆?2路紜呯殑鍖栧?︽?ц川錛氱?呮湁鏄庢樉鐨勯潪閲戞?ｇⅶ鏃╁睘鐗規(guī)?э紝鍙?浠ユ憾浜庣⒈閲戝睘姘㈡哀鍖栫墿婧舵恫涓?錛屼駭鐢熺?呴吀鐩愬拰姘㈡皵錛屽姞鐑?涓嬭兘鍚屽崟璐ㄧ殑鍗ょ礌銆佹愛銆佺⒊絳夐潪閲戝睘浣滅敤錛屼篃鑳藉悓鏌愪簺閲戝睘濡侻g銆丆a銆丗e銆丳t絳変綔鐢?錛岀敓鎴愮?呭寲鐗╋紝涓嶆憾浜庝竴鑸?鏃犳満閰鎬腑錛屽彲婧朵簬紕辨憾娑蹭腑錛屽茍鏈夋阿姘旀斁鍑猴紝褰㈡垚鐩稿簲鐨勭⒈閲戝睘紜?
